Emerging Market Economies and Financial Globalization

"Emerging Market Economies and Financial Globalization” offers a comparative analysis of the capital account liberalization process and the variety of policy responses generated among a reduced group of Latin American and Asian countries. In particular, the book critically examines these varied responses from a three-fold perspective: macro, micro-financial and institutional. From a macro perspective, the book compares exchange rate regimes, monetary policies and capital account liberalization paths adopted at each of the selected countries. In other words, the book analyzes how emerging economies confronted the challenge imposed by the monetary trilemma posed by Mundell. The book analyzes different corner solutions (for example, exchange rate pegging) and whether there is life inside the triangle. The Asian financial crises have certainly induced a debate on the benefits of foreign exchange reserve accumulation and the increasing policy space generated since then. But emerging countries policy-makers realized the perils of sailing in uncharted waters and, consequently, began to introduce a series of instruments to prevent sudden reversals in capital flows.

The micro-financial perspective, in turn, directs our attention to the financial sector structure, how the process of financial deepening transformed it in recent years and how local authorities responded to the increasing pressures generated by an increasingly globally connected banking sector. But cross-funding, local regulation and financial stability are certainly difficult to match, even at developed countries as the European crisis demonstrates. This triplet conforms the so-called financial trilemma introduced by Schoenmaker, and analyzed in the book—particularly observing how selected countries performed it.

Finally, the institutional perspective center on the legal treatment granted to the capital account openness process—both at the multilateral and bilateral levels. From a policy perspective the interrelationship between open macro, international financial markets and institutions has been often neglected but hardly significant with sovereigns founding periodically challenged by legal constraints. The founding fathers of Bretton Woods institutions shared a common vision: avoid large imbalances created by international capital flows. Coincidences, however, vanished after the collapse of the Bretton Woods system. Thereafter leading countries’ claims for the opening of the capital accounts and financial liberalization became common parlance. Institutionally, these pressures were present at both multilateral and bilateral fore.