Origins of the Ottoman Dynasty

Ahmedi’s History of the Kings of the Ottoman Lineage and Their Holy Raid(s) against the Infidels is the foundation text for the study of the rise of the Ottoman State. Virtually every scholarly work dealing with the subject refers to his versified account of the early Ottomans. Even though it encompasses only a limited period of the Ottoman dynastic history, its importance derives from the fact that it is the oldest annalistic account of Ottoman history that has come down to us. Because the earliest Ottomans left no accounts of themselves, Ahmedi’s work became the key source—though almost always without a proper reading of the text—for subsequent theories regarding the social and political structure of the early Ottoman State.

The overwhelming religiosity found in Ahmedi’s poem on the Ottomans continues to stir debate among historians. However, his fourteenth-century representation of the ways Ottomans adapted Islam to conform with beliefs of their past reflected a specifically Turkish interpretation of Islam. We can follow that approach in the actions and writings of leaders and poets of succeeding generations of Ottomans all the way to the eighteenth century—that approach was framed by a medieval inheritance whose discursive characteristics continued for centuries. Ahmedi was a discourse-founder and his aim was to represent the Ottoman rulers as pious Muslims.

An understanding of Ahmedi’s representation of the role of Islam among the early Ottomans requires careful contemplation not only by putting the discursive characteristics of his predominantly religious text under a literary and philological microscope but also by making an attempt to place his representation within the much larger context of the making of Turkish Islam in Anatolia. Also, in the writing of histories during the Middle Ages, it was neither unusual nor abnormal to integrate religious concepts as “historical facts.” The medieval author always endeavored to find a creative way of amalgamating the two through the numerous literary devices that were available to him. Theories on the nature and identity of Ahmedi’s text, as well as on the launching of the Ottoman enterprise, surely will continue to evolve in the coming decades—especially when the ongoing Karacahisar excavations in Eskişehir provide us with the archeological record to reconstruct more thoroughly the Ottoman past. Regardless, what we find in the earliest history of the Ottoman State is a pious representation of its founders and a fictional glorification of the jihad as its ideology which continued in subsequent centuries.