If neo-Victorianism is, as Ann Heilmann and Mark Llewellyn remark, ‘more than historical fiction set in the nineteenth century’, then it is because it ‘must in some respect be self-consciously engaged with the act of (re)interpretation, (re)discovery and (re)vision concerning the Victorians’ while keeping in mind the ethical, metafictional and metacritical parameters in ‘acts of (readerly/writerly) appropriation’ in the metafictional mode. They acknowledge the initial definition had to be aware of ‘metafictional and metahistorical concern with the process of narrating/re-imagining/re-visioning histories, and had to be self-conscious about its own position as literary or filmic reconstruction’ but now they are alert to the global, ongoing ‘discourse around nostalgia, heritage and cultural memory’ in other parts of the long-nineteenth century world as portrayed in neo-Victorian narratives. Neo-Victorian Lesbians on Screen argues the portrayal on screen of lesbians situated in the long nineteenth century across various countries is at the very least a dual task; the imperative project of revoicing lesbian silence and female companionship is complicated by the lack of and/or complex representation of such women in the past. The adaptations, with varying degrees of success, carefully manipulate the gaze of the viewer to illustrate both how crucial the act of looking proves to be for lesbian attachment in these films and how the viewer’s own gaze changes the way the lesbian is represented. Texts, subtexts and intertextualities help elucidate the memories and sexualities of the various women. Men – in their silence, abuse, misunderstanding or love – relate to the women with a lack of social roadmap to govern their responses. Maier and Friars consider the adaptations’ awareness of the audience and the ways in which the films implicitly acknowledge the stakes behind bringing the lesbian to life, as it were, in visual media. Because screen adaptations disrupt historical distance by literally picturing Victorian subjects via a medium they did not have, films of novels as well as biofictions, and new narratives are challenged by the lesbian subject’s vivid presence on screen. The lesbian is no longer a contained (neo)Victorian presence in the ‘othered’ nineteenth century, but her very existence on screen signals her effervescent modernity, which filmmakers alternately embrace or reject.

Sarah E. Maier PhD, is Professor of English & Comparative Literature at the University of New Brunswick.

Rachel M. Friars PhD, is an independent scholar.