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British Encounters with Syrian-Mesopotamian Overland Routes to India, 1751-1795
Rethinking Enlightenment Improvement
By Mohammad Sakhnini
The book examines the relationship between the Enlightenment idea of improvement and eighteenth-century travel writings about Middle Eastern overland routes to India.
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About This Book
As this book shows, different British responses to the material conditions of the Arab region and its inhabitants were mapped onto some British debates about the viability of modern commercial societies and the apparently intractable problem of securing a more benign relationship between material advance and virtue, modernity and traditions, improvement and backwardness. These debates reflected some significant transformations of the period: fears of French invasion during the Seven Years Wars, Enclosure Acts and the Jacobite Rebellion, the corruption of East India Company, the crisis of the American colonies and French Revolution, and the debate over slavery of the 1790s. En route, Britons raised concerns about a host of religious, political and ethical questions that troubled eighteenth-century Britain: Is moral corruption a necessary price a society has to pay in return for living in a materially advanced state? Do people need to honour traditions and religion in modern commercial society in which people have never been freer? Can one find virtue and morality in commercial society? Can an advanced and enlightened society tolerate religion? How can it be that a wealthy society also has poor and dispossessed people who live in workhouses? How is it possible that a society which respects Enlightenment values of freedom and liberty also practices slavery and colonises other societies? European travellers in the Levant often found themselves confronting these questions, especially in a region known for being grand and great in the past but barren and full of ruins in the present.
Reviews
“Sakhnini’s impressive and original study of late eighteenth-century British travelogues illuminates both imperial history and Enlightenment ecology. Anxious to establish the fastest routes between England and India, intrepid agents of the East India Company charted itineraries between Aleppo and Basra, but, becoming fascinated by the Syrian desert and its inhabitants, projected agricultural improvements at every turn”— Gerald MacLean, Emeritus Professor, University of Exeter.
“This is a study of unexpected enlightenment. Exploring land routes to India in the eighteenth century, Briton could find in the deserts of Syria and Mesopotamia spaces of civility and sociability. Rather than importing improvement to the desert, they were themselves improved. Original, compelling, this book opens a window on alternative cosmopolitanisms” — Professor Donna Landry, School of English, University of Kent.
“A meticulously researched study with unpublished archival material, Sakhnini’s is both a source book and an intriguing analysis of how British travelling merchants, civil servants, military and medical men not only recorded Syrian-Mesopotamian sites and experiences but, en route, also engaged in Enlightenment debates about history, aesthetics, the individual’s perfectibility, the improvement of the human condition and national versus global tactics” — Julia Kuehn, University of Hong Kong.
Author Information
Mohammad Sakhnini completed his graduate studies at the University of Exeter, United Kingdom. He taught at the universities of Exeter, Sussex and Brighton and held a research fellowship at the University of Linnaeus, Sweden. Currently, he is a senior lecturer in English Studies at Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, UAE
Series
Anthem Studies in Travel
Table of Contents
Acknowledgment; Introduction; Chapter One Improvement of Knowledge: John Carmichael’s A Journey From Aleppo to Busserah, Over the Desert (1772); Chapter Two Polite Englishman in the East: Edward Ives’s Journey from Persia to England (1773); Chapter Three Commerce, Virtue and Improvement: Abraham Parsons’s Travel in Asia and Africa (1808); Chapter Four Henry Abbott: A Cosmopolitan in Cities and Deserts; Chapter Five Eyles Irwin’s Travels: The Politics of Adventure in the Levant; Chapter Six Political and Moral Improvement: Donald Campbell, A Journey Overland to India Partly by A Route Never Gone Before by Any European (1795); Conclusion; Unpublished Manuscripts; Reference List; Index
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